Dermatology · PANCE / PANRE

Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)

Chronic relapsing pruritic inflammatory dermatosis driven by skin barrier dysfunction and Th2 immune skewing; part of the atopic march.

Also known as: atopic dermatitis, eczema, AD, atopic eczema, infantile eczema

Overview

A chronic, intensely pruritic, relapsing inflammatory skin disease characterized by age-dependent distribution of eczematous patches, often associated with personal or family history of atopy (asthma, allergic rhinitis, food allergy).

Epidemiology

Affects 15-20% of children and 7-10% of adults in the US. Onset before age 5 in 85% of cases. Higher prevalence in urban populations and developed countries. Persists into adulthood in ~50% of pediatric cases.

🔒 Free preview limit reached

Keep reading — start your free trial

You've read your 2 free diagnosis previews. Create your free account to unlock the full Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) outline — plus all 514 diagnoses, 3,500+ board-style questions, flashcards, and an AI tutor. Your 7-day free trial includes everything, and there's no credit card required.

Start your 7-day free trial → Sign in
Free to start · No credit card · Cancel anytime

Risk factors

  • Family or personal history of atopy (asthma, allergic rhinitis, food allergy)
  • Filaggrin (FLG) loss-of-function mutations — strongest genetic risk factor
  • Low humidity climates, harsh soaps, frequent bathing without moisturizer
  • Aeroallergens, food allergens (in young children), Staphylococcus aureus colonization
  • Stress, sleep disturbance, sweating

Pathophysiology

Combination of (1) epidermal barrier dysfunction — filaggrin and lipid deficiency, increased transepidermal water loss — and (2) Th2-skewed immune response with IL-4, IL-13, IL-31 (pruritus), and IL-22 driving inflammation, epidermal hyperplasia, and impaired antimicrobial defense. Itch-scratch cycle perpetuates barrier disruption.

Clinical presentation

Symptoms

  • Intense pruritus — required feature; often worse at night, disrupts sleep
  • Chronic relapsing course with flares and remissions
  • Dry skin (xerosis) between flares

Signs / physical exam

  • Infants (0-2 yrs): erythematous, weeping, crusted patches on cheeks, scalp, extensor extremities; spares diaper area
  • Children (2-12 yrs): lichenified plaques in flexural areas — antecubital, popliteal fossae, neck, wrists, ankles
  • Adults: chronic lichenification of hands, neck, eyelids, flexures; nipple eczema; head-and-neck dermatitis (Malassezia)
  • Associated features: Dennie-Morgan infraorbital folds, allergic shiners, keratosis pilaris, ichthyosis vulgaris, palmar hyperlinearity, white dermatographism

Classic findings

Flexural eczematous patches with lichenification in a child or adolescent with personal/family atopy.

Differential diagnosis

  • Seborrheic dermatitis — Greasy yellow scale on scalp, eyebrows, nasolabial folds; less pruritic; infant cradle cap can mimic infantile AD
  • Allergic / irritant contact dermatitis — Sharply demarcated lesions matching exposure pattern; patch testing positive for contactant
  • Psoriasis — Well-demarcated thick silvery plaques on extensor surfaces, scalp, nails; Auspitz sign
  • Scabies — Intense nocturnal pruritus, burrows in web spaces/wrists, household contacts affected
  • Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides) — Adult-onset 'eczema' refractory to therapy in non-sun-exposed areas; skin biopsy
  • Tinea corporis — Annular plaques with raised scaly border and central clearing; KOH positive
  • Nummular dermatitis — Coin-shaped well-circumscribed plaques on extremities; can overlap with AD

Diagnostic workup

Diagnostic criteria

Hanifin and Rajka criteria (3 major + 3 minor) or AAD simplified criteria. Essential features: pruritus + eczematous dermatitis in age-typical distribution + chronic/relapsing course.

Labs

  • Clinical diagnosis — no required labs
  • Serum total IgE often elevated; allergen-specific IgE or skin-prick testing only if clear allergic trigger suspected
  • Skin culture if secondary infection suspected
  • Skin biopsy reserved for atypical or refractory cases to exclude CTCL

Imaging

  • Not indicated

Diagnostic algorithm

Age GroupTypical DistributionLesion Features
Infant (0-2)Cheeks, scalp, extensor extremities; spares diaper areaAcute erythematous weeping crusted patches
Childhood (2-12)Flexural — antecubital, popliteal, neck, wrists, anklesSubacute scaly excoriated plaques, early lichenification
Adolescent / AdultFlexures, hands, eyelids, neck, nipplesChronic lichenified plaques, post-inflammatory pigment change
Age-dependent distribution of atopic dermatitis.

Treatment

First-line

  • Skin barrier repair: emollient/moisturizer (ceramide-containing, petrolatum-based) applied liberally ≥2x/day and immediately after bathing ('soak and seal')
  • Lukewarm short baths/showers with non-soap cleanser (e.g., syndet); pat dry
  • Topical corticosteroid potency tailored to severity and site — hydrocortisone 1-2.5% (low; face, folds, infants), triamcinolone 0.1% (mid; trunk/extremities), clobetasol 0.05% (high; lichenified plaques, palms/soles)
  • Topical calcineurin inhibitors — tacrolimus 0.03-0.1% ointment, pimecrolimus 1% cream — steroid-sparing, especially face/eyelids/folds
  • Topical PDE4 inhibitor — crisaborole 2% ointment (≥3 months old)
  • Topical JAK inhibitor — ruxolitinib 1.5% cream (mild-moderate AD, ages ≥12)
  • Trigger avoidance: harsh soaps, fragranced products, wool, sweating; address food allergies if proven

Moderate-severe / refractory

  • Wet-wrap therapy with mid-potency topical steroid for acute flares
  • Phototherapy: narrowband UVB (preferred), UVA1
  • Biologics — dupilumab (anti-IL-4Rα; ages ≥6 months), tralokinumab and lebrikizumab (anti-IL-13; ages ≥12)
  • Oral JAK inhibitors — upadacitinib, abrocitinib (ages ≥12); boxed warnings for thrombosis, malignancy, MACE
  • Conventional systemics — cyclosporine, methotrexate, azathioprine, mycophenolate (off-label, narrow use)

Secondary infection

  • Staph impetiginization: cephalexin or dicloxacillin × 7-10 days; mupirocin if localized; bleach baths (0.005%) twice weekly for chronic colonization
  • Eczema herpeticum (HSV superinfection): rapid-onset monomorphic punched-out vesicles, fever — IV or oral acyclovir, ophthalmology if periocular

Second-line / adjunct

  • Sedating antihistamine (hydroxyzine, diphenhydramine) at night for sleep — does not treat itch directly
  • Non-sedating antihistamines have minimal benefit in AD
  • Address psychosocial impact — sleep, school/work, mental health

Complications

  • Bacterial superinfection (S. aureus) and impetiginization
  • Eczema herpeticum — disseminated HSV; dermatologic emergency
  • Atopic march: progression to allergic rhinitis and asthma
  • Sleep disturbance, ADHD-like inattention, depression, anxiety
  • Ocular: keratoconus, atopic keratoconjunctivitis, cataracts (long-term steroid use)
  • Growth impairment in severe pediatric disease
  • Skin atrophy and striae from prolonged potent topical steroids

PANCE pearls

  • Pruritus is required for diagnosis — 'eczema' without itch is not atopic dermatitis.
  • Use the fingertip unit (FTU) rule: 1 FTU = ~0.5 g, covers area of 2 adult palms.
  • Topical calcineurin inhibitors carry a boxed warning for theoretical malignancy risk, but long-term data have not substantiated this — they remain safe and effective for face/folds.
  • Bleach baths (1/4 to 1/2 cup household bleach in full tub) twice weekly reduce S. aureus burden and flare frequency.
  • Sudden monomorphic punched-out erosions and fever in a child with AD = eczema herpeticum until proven otherwise — start acyclovir immediately.

References

  • AAD 2024 — Guidelines of Care for the Management of Atopic Dermatitis in Adults with Topical Therapies (Davis et al., J Am Acad Dermatol 2024)
  • AAP 2014 — Atopic Dermatitis: Skin-Directed Management — American Academy of Pediatrics (Tollefson, Bruckner, Pediatrics 2014)
  • Hanifin-Rajka — Diagnostic Features of Atopic Dermatitis (Hanifin and Rajka, Acta Derm Venereol Suppl 1980)

Practice Dermatology questions on FirstPassPA

Turn this outline into retention. 3,500+ board-style questions with an AI tutor that explains every answer — free to start, no card required.

Start studying free → Browse all 514 diagnoses

Related Dermatology diagnoses

Acne VulgarisRosaceaAllergic and Irritant Contact DermatitisSeborrheic DermatitisPsoriasisLichen PlanusPityriasis RoseaTinea Infections (corporis, capitis, pedis, cruris, versicolor)Cutaneous CandidiasisScabiesPediculosisImpetigoHerpes Zoster (Shingles)Verrucae (Warts, HPV)

Educational use only. This outline is a study aid for PA students and is not medical advice or a substitute for clinical judgment. FirstPassPA is an independent study tool and is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by NCCPA. PANCE® and PANRE® are registered trademarks of the National Commission on Certification of Physician Assistants.